Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Research Articles

Application of Pure and Modified Polyvinylidene Fluoride Materials for Wastewater Treatment Using UASB Reactor Technologies: A Review

Wastewater treatment is now required because of the problems caused by water constraints. Wastewater is anaerobically digested to produce biogas, which can be used as a source of energy for things like lighting and heating. The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor has been recognized as an important wastewater treatment technology among anaerobic treatment methods. Although their treated effluent typically does not meet most discharge criteria, UASB reactors are generally stated to have a chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction ranging from 60 to 90% for most types of wastewater. In comparison to traditional anaerobic procedures, anaerobic municipal wastewater treatment using membranes can produce higher effluent quality in terms of COD, suspended solids (SSs) and pathogen counts, as well as a steady treatment performance to fulfill strict discharge regulations. The objective of this review was to perform a literature review on parameters to consider when selecting a membrane to include in a UASB reactor. Membranes that are available in the market were compared in terms of both physical and chemical properties. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were found be superior to the others, and their modification also reduced the fouling propensity. When comparing modified PVDF (PVDF/PVDF-g-PEGMA) to pristine PVDF (116 L·m−2 h−1), a higher pure water flux (5170 L·m−2 h−1) was noted. The main drawback of such modifications could significantly increase the final membrane production costs. Research is still lacking when it comes to research on comparing the membranes and PVDF and UASB reactor technology interaction, including effects of its modification as discussed (stability, longevity of improved flux, etc.

A new substrate equalization method for optimizing the influent conditions and fluid flow patterns of a multifed upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (MUASB) reactor with mature anammox granules

To improve nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) and achieve homogenous distribution of anammox sludge and substrate, a new substrate equalization theory and a cumulative overload index was proposed for multifed upflow anaerobic sludge bed (MUASB) reactors with mature anammox granules. The performance and flow patterns of MUASB reactors were investigated under various influent conditions. The results showed that the nitrogen removal performance and stability of MUASB reactors could be optimized by minimizing the cumulative load. The NRE gradually increased from 83.3 ± 2.2 %, 86.8 ± 4.2 % to 89.3 ± 4.1 % and 89.7 ± 1.6 % in feeding flow tests and feeding port tests, respectively. Furthermore, the flow patterns were compared based on residence time distribution and computational fluid dynamics, indicating that a better equilibrium distribution of microorganisms and substrates could be achieved in the MUASB reactors under the lowest cumulative load. Therefore, substrate equalization theory can be used to optimize the nitrogen removal performance of MUASB reactors with low-carbon footprints.

Stable continuous flow CANDAN process transitioning from anammox UASB reactor by facilitating indigenous nitrite-producing denitrification community

The emerging nitrogen removal process known as CANDAN (Complete Ammonium and Nitrate removal via Denitratation-Anammox over Nitrite) has been developed in Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs). Yet, starting up and maintaining stability in continuous-flow reactors remain challenging. This study explores the feasibility of transitioning the CANDAN process from an anammox-dominated process by introducing appropriate external organics to facilitate indigenous nitrite-producing denitrification community in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor. 150-day operation results indicate that under feeding rates of domestic wastewater at 0.54 L/h and nitrate-containing wastewater at 1.08 L/h, excellent N removal was achieved, with effluent TN below 10.0 mg N/L. Adding external sodium acetate at a COD/NO3−-N = 2.0 triggered denitratation, ex-situ denitrification activity tests showed increased nitrite production rates, maintaining the nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio (NTR) above 90 %. Consequently, anammox activity was consistently maintained, dominating Total Nitrogen (TN) removal with a contribution as high as 78.3 ± 8.0 %. Anammox functional bacteria, Brocadia and Kuenenia were identified and showed no decrease throughout the operation, indicating the robustness of the anammox process. Notably, the troublesome of sludge flotation, did not occur, also contributing to sustained outstanding performance. In conclusion, this study advances our understanding of the synergistic interplay between anammox and denitrifying bacteria in the Anammox-UASB system, offering technical insights for establishing a stable continuous-flow CANDAN process for simultaneous ammonium and nitrate removal.

The Application of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor in the Treatment of Brewery and Dairy Wastewater: A Critical Review

Brewery (BW) and dairy (DW) wastewater are two types of agro-industrial wastewater that are generated in large amounts and, therefore, should be treated effectively and in an environmentally beneficial manner. Both these wastewater types are characterized by a high COD, BOD5, and nutrient content, and conventional wastewater treatment methods such as an activated sludge process may prove to be inefficient due to the possibility of foaming, large biomass production, low activity at low temperatures, and risk of overloading the reactor with a load of organic pollutants. In the context of the described difficulties, anaerobic processes seem to be the best alternative. An interesting research area is the co-digestion of these wastewaters. However, this research direction, so far, has not been frequently reported. Given the gap in the current knowledge, this literature review aims to assess the possibility of BW and DW digestion in anaerobic reactors and provide up-to-date data on the post-treatment methods of effluent generated after the anaerobic digestion process. Despite numerous advantages, anaerobic treatment often requires post-effluent treatment to complete the treatment cycle.

Formation/characterization of humin-mediated anaerobic granular sludge and enhanced methanogenic performance

This study presents a novel method for accelerating the granulation of methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor using solid-phase humin (HM). The results demonstrated that HM-mediated AnGS (HM-AnGS) formed rapidly within 50 days. The increase in particle size, settling velocity and mechanical strength was attributed to the rapid granulation of the HM-AnGS. The maximum methane yield of the HM-AnGS was 5-fold higher than that of the control group. This is consistent with the findings, which showed that HM-AnGS had 3.2–3.4 times more methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr) activity and 2.4–2.9 times more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) than control groups. Molecular analyses indicate that HM most likely accelerated interspecies electron transfer (IET) in HM-AnGS (e.g., from Enterococcus to Methanosaeta). Furthermore, the HM-AnGS was effective in recovering energy from actual slaughterhouse wastewater.

Dual-chamber up-flow fluidized hollow-fiber anaerobic membrane bioreactor (UF-HF-AnMBR) treating synthetic purified terephthalic acid wastewater: Granular sludge regranulation and methane production

Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket is a representative way to treat high-strength industrial wastewater, but suffers from granule collapse and poor long-term performance. In this study, a dual-chamber up-flow fluidized hollow-fiber anaerobic membrane bioreactor (UF-HF-AnMBR) was constructed to enhance sludge regranulation and process stability for purified terephthalic acid (PTA) wastewater treatment. A stable and satisfactory aromatic compound removal (>99 %) was achieved at the organic loading rate of 7.15 ± 0.21 g-COD·Lreactor−1·d−1, with the methane yield of 0.345 ± 0.028 L·g-CODremoved−1. Although the granular sludge collapsed initially induced the pore blocking and membrane fouling, membrane separation promoted the agglomeration of small particles, sludge regranulation and biomass retention. Parallel factor analysis identified that the amino acid tryptophan in extracellular polymeric substances exerted a more critical effect on membrane fouling. The 16S rRNA and network analysis revealed the robust proliferation/enrichment of Methanosaeta, Pelotomaculum, etc., as well as the establishment of mutualistic symbiotic relationship among different species, ensured a stable microbial community and created a favorable circumstance for highly effective anaerobic treatment of PTA wastewater. This study proves that UF-HF-AnMBR can be an efficient and promising technique for sludge regranulation and microbe enrichment, advancing its application in PTA wastewater treatment and bioenergy recovery.

Mechanistic insights into different illumination positions control algae production in anaerobic dynamic membrane filtration (AnDM) during decentralized wastewater treatment

Sunlight illumination has the potential to control the stability and sustainability of dynamic membrane (DM) systems. In this study, an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was combined with DM under different illumination positions (direct, indirect and no illumination) to treat wastewater. Results indicated that the UASB achieved a COD removal up to 87.05 % with an average methane production of 0.28 L/d. Following treatment by the UASB, it was found that under illumination, the removal of organic substances by DM exhibited poor performance due to algal proliferation. However, the DM systems demonstrated efficient removal of ammonia nitrogen, ranging from 96.21 % to 97.67 % after stabilization. Total phosphorus removal was 45.72 %, and membrane flux remained stable when directly illuminated. Conversely, the DM system subjected to indirect illumination showed unstable membrane flux and severe fouling resistance. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing illumination positions in DM systems under anaerobic conditions.

Insights into the roles of EDTA in enhancing the bioavailability of Fe(Ⅲ) and stabilizing the anammox granular sludge system

The adsorption and utilization of Fe(Ⅲ) can be impeded by precipitation in anaerobic reactors. In this study, we investigated whether the bioavailability of Fe(Ⅲ) can be enhanced by EDTA-Fe(Ⅲ), thereby improving the stability of anammox system. Fe(Ⅲ) and EDTA-Fe(Ⅲ) were added to two parallel up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, respectively. After 186 days of operation, when the nitrogen loading rate (NLR) was 0.8 g-N/L/d, the nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of R2 was stable at 0.675 g-N/L/d, which was higher than that of R1 at 0.557 g-N/L/d. The anammox activity of R2 reached its peak in phase Ⅲ (158.55 ± 4.53 mg-N/g-VSS/d), while the anammox activity of R1 was only 28.37 ± 5.96 mg-N/g-VSS/d. Moreover, in phase Ⅱ-Ⅴ, the bioavailability of Fe(Ⅲ) in R2 was increased by 15.63%, 38.37%, 65.90%, and 39.63%, respectively, compared with R1. The results showed that EDTA-Fe(Ⅲ) can prevent precipitation encasing anammox granular sludge, which can enhance substrate transport and Fe(Ⅲ) adsorption utilization. High throughput sequencing suggested that EDTA-Fe(Ⅲ) could better increase the abundance of anammox bacteria (AnAOB). In conclusion, this research proved that EDTA could increase the bioavailability of Fe(Ⅲ) and thereby ensuring the stability of the reactors.

Biomineralization of phosphorus during anaerobic treatment of distillery wastewaters

This study addresses the pressing environmental concerns associated with the rapidly growing distillery industry, which is a significant contributor to wastewater generation. By focusing on the treatment of distillery wastewater using anaerobic digestion, this research explores the potential to convert organic materials into biofuels (methane). Moreover, the study aims to recover both methane and phosphorus from distillery wastewater in a single anaerobic reactor, which represents a novel and unexplored approach. Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted using mesophilic and thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. A key aspect of the study involved the implementation of a unique strategy: the mixing of centrate and spent caustic wastewater streams. This approach was intended to enhance treatment performance, manipulate the microbial community structure, and thereby optimizing the overall treatment performance. The integration of the centrate and spent caustic streams yielded remarkable co-benefits, resulting in significant biomethane production and efficient phosphorus precipitation. The study demonstrated a phosphorus removal efficiency of ∼60 % throughout the 130–140 days operation period. The recovery of phosphorus via the reactor sludge offers exciting opportunities for its utilization as a fertilizer or as a raw material within the phosphorus refinery industry. The biomethane produced during the treatment exhibits significant energy potential, estimated at 0.5 GJ/(m3 distillery wastewater).

Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater through a Series System: Upflow Anaerobic Reactor and Artificial Wetland

Slaughterhouse wastewater is characterized by high concentrations of organic matter. This creates a need to explore methods for its treatment before discharge. This study evaluated the efficiency of an integrated treatment process consisting of a laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow wetland. This treatment was used for (i) the removal of organic matter through anaerobic–aerobic microbiological processes, (ii) the conversion of organic matter from hydraulic processes, and (iii) for bioremediation and phytoremediation. The treatment system was evaluated at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 7.5, 5.0, and 2.5 d; during the investigation, the influence of the HRTs on the removal efficiency of the system was evaluated. High efficiencies of 85% and 75% were obtained for CODT and BOD, respectively, at an HRT of 7.5 d. The highest overall efficiency for the removal of total solids was observed at an HRT of 2.5 d. The results obtained confirm the feasibility of implementing the suggested system as an alternative for the adequate and sustainable treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater, and the system can be applied to slaughterhouses with similar conditions to those in this study.

An overview of wastewater treatment technologies in Minas Gerais, Brazil: predominance of anaerobic reactors

Abstract The deficit in sewage collection and treatment is a problem in Brazil, and a large portion of untreated sewage, usually disposed of directly into water bodies, compromises water quality, with implications for public health and environmental balance. This scenario does not differ in the State of Minas Gerais, where only 44% of the urban population has their sewage treated. This study aimed to evaluate the current use of wastewater treatment technologies in active wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Minas Gerais, based on a database from the Sewage Atlas, and analyze how the characteristics of the municipality and the treatment system influence the selection of adopted technologies. Information on 376 active WWTPs and 26 WWTPs designed or under construction was obtained. The most used technologies include upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, with or without post-treatment, adopted in more than 70% of WWTPs. A logistic regression model was fitted to explain the presence of post-treatment UASB reactors in the municipality. The model showed that the chance of implementing this technology is 3.3 times greater for municipal autarchies and 7.1 times greater for public companies compared to municipal governments.

Microbiological insights into anaerobic phenol degradation mechanisms and bulking phenomenon in a mesophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor in long-term operation

In this study, a long-term operation of 2,747 days was conducted to evaluate the performance of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and investigated the degradation mechanisms of high-organic loading phenol wastewater. During the reactor operation, the maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of 6.1 ± 0.6 kg/m3/day under 1,680 mg/L phenol concentration was achieved in the mesophilic UASB reactor. After a significant change in the operating temperature from 24.0 ± 4.1 °C to 35.9 ± 0.6 °C, frequent observations of floating and washout of the bloated granular sludge (novel types of the bulking phenomenon) were made in the UASB reactor, suggesting that the change in operating temperature could be a trigger for the bulking phenomenon. Through the metagenomic analysis, phenol degradation mechanisms were predicted that phenol was converted to 4-hydroxybenzoate via two possible routes by Syntrophorhabdaceae and Pelotomaculaceae bacteria. Furthermore, the degradation of 4-hydroxybenzoate to benzoyl-CoA was carried out by members of Syntrophorhabdaceae and Smithellaceae. In the bulking sludge, a predominant presence of Nanobdellota, belonging to DPANN archaea, was detected. The metagenome-assembled genome of the Nanobdellota lacks many biosynthetic pathways and has several genes for the symbiotic lifestyle such as trimeric autotransporter adhesin-related protein. Furthermore, the Nanobdellota have significant correlations with several methanogenic archaea that are predominantly present in the UASB reactor. Considering the results of this study, the predominant Nanobdellota may negatively affect the growth of the methanogens through the parasitic lifestyle and change the balance of microbial interactions in the granular sludge ecosystem.

Simultaneous hydrogen and methane production by tequila vinasses dark fermentation in series with anaerobic digestion

Biofuels production from agro-industrial residues is a promising alternative for obtaining energy from renewable resources. Here, vinasses (tequila manufacture waste) were used as substrate to an anaerobic system comprised by a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) with biomass carriers and an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (UASB) connected in series. The effect of the organic loading rate on the hydrogen and methane generation was evaluated through increase in fed vinasse concentration. Maximum volumetric production rates of 2.2 L H2/L-d in the CSTR and 0.12 L CH4/L-d in the UASB were obtained when feeding 20 g chemical oxygen demand per liter from vinasse diluted to 60 % of its original concentration. Feeding more concentrated vinasses provoked a decrease in the production of hydrogen and methane, coinciding with a 5 g/L-peak in reducing sugars in the CSTR, suggesting overload and acidification as reasons of the diminished performance. The highest hydrogen and methane equivalent energy obtained in the anaerobic system was estimated to be 2.6 kJ/L-d.

Determination of the critical draw solution concentration for anaerobic microfiltration osmotic membrane bioreactors

Anaerobic microfiltration osmotic membrane bioreactors (AnMF-OMBRs) have the advantages of resource recovery such as energy, water, and nutrients, but they have some drawbacks of low flux and severe membrane fouling. The concentration of draw solution (DS) is effective on the flux and fouling of FO membrane, and microbial inhibition. The aim of this study is to determine the critical DS concentration in AnMF-OMBR and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket microfiltration osmotic membrane bioreactor (UASB MF-OMBR) systems operated with DS concentrations of 0.47, 1, and 1.5 M. The analytical hierarchical process (AHP) was applied to determine the critical DS concentration considering the criteria of forward osmosis (FO) performance, anaerobic performance, water recovery, microbial inhibition and operation time. The results demonstrated that the DS concentration of 0.47 M showed a better system performance, by causing less membrane fouling and microbial inhibition than that of the 1 and 1.5 M, and higher methane yield was obtained with 0.47 M in both bioreactors. The membrane autopsy analyses verified that the membrane fouling was severe with increasing DS concentration. Microbial community structure was affected by salinity build-up, high free ammonia (FA), and low organic loading rate (OLR). The relative abundance of Synergistota, a syntrophic acetate oxidizer, showed a parallel trend with Methanobacterium, a hydrogenotrophic methanogen in the conditions of high FA and salinity build-up due to the FO operation. Consequently, the critical DS concentration was determined as 0.47 M MgCl2.

Insights into nitrogen removal from leather wastewater by anaerobic ammonium oxidation process: Performance and microbial structure

This study aimed to assess the suitability of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process for leather wastewater treatment using two up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactors by pumping synthetic and real wastewater (named SR and RR), respectively. Both reactors were operated steadily with an average nitrogen removal efficiency of 94–96 % at chemical oxygen demand (COD) level of 100–200 mg·L−1, which were rapidly deteriorated as the COD level increased to 300 mg·L−1 even if at the same COD to total nitrogen (TN) (COD/TN) ratio. The reactor performances could restore after pumping with synthetic wastewater, and then continued to effectively treat leather wastewater. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia in reactor RR was increased by 34.8 % compared with the reactor SR on day 120. The results revealed that the anammox process can be used for the leather wastewater treatment, thus broadening the engineering application of anammox-based process in industrial wastewater.

Effect of hydraulic retention time on sulfide production with sludge from hydrothermal vent sediments and its utilization on the removal of Cu, Zn, and Al

The present work aimed to evaluate the production of sulfide through the application of different hydraulic retention times (HRT) and different sulfate loading rates in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor utilizing acetate-butyrate as electron donors and the coupling of the reactor to a crystallizer to remove metals. The sulfidogenic sludge for the UASB was generated from hydrothermal vent sediments and this was operated at room temperature (18-22 ºC). The sulfate reduction process was linked to the precipitation of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Al3+ in a crystallizer coupled to the UASB reactor (two-stage system) to avoid the toxicity of the metals to the sludge. The concentration of dissolved sulfide increased with the HRT up to 312.9 mg HS–/L at 3 d of HRT. As the sulfate loading rate was increasing, the maximum sulfide concentration obtained was of 376.8 mg HS–/L at 500 mg SO4–2/L/d (1500 mg/L), whereas the concentration of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Al3+ was up to 150, 100, and 100 mg/L, respectively. The removal efficiencies of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Al3+ were higher than 98% when they were fed separately. When a mixture of metals was added, the removal efficiency was close to 80%. Recovery of metals was lower than 57% in all cases. The sulfide production was supported with acetate-butyrate, being the former commonly accumulated because of the oxidation of higher organic compounds; in this case, its utilization sustained sulfate reduction. This process could be controlled by parameters such as HRT and sulfate loading rate to improve the performance of the bioreactor in the treatment of the effluents contaminated with metals in a two-stage system.

Biogas production by integrating lava rock, red clay & ceramic bio ring as support carrier in treatment of landfill leachate with liquidised food waste

To evaluate the feasibility of co-digestion of landfill leachate and liquidised food waste, batch experiments were conducted to explore the optimal mixing ratio and support carrier integration in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. Continuous experiments were conducted to evaluate the long-term effects of support carriers on methane generation and digestate characteristics. To compare biogas accuracy, Biomethane Potential Tests 1 and 2 data were used to build artificial neural networks using feed-forward backpropagation and support vector machines using linear function. Red clay bio ring, ceramic bio ring and lava rock support carriers were used in the modified reactors. Significant improvement in the anaerobic process was observed during the co-digestion, along with the addition of a ceramic bio ring with biogas production (2150 mL/d), specific methane production (293.30 mL CH4/gCODadded, >66.10% compared to the conventional reactor), and chemical oxygen demand removal (>80%) at an organic loading rate of 6 g/L/day. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method demonstrates that ceramic bio ring has a higher specific surface area (7.87 m2/g). The support vector machine model had superior predicted accuracy in biogas production with an R2 of 0.986, indicating it is more robust for large-scale applications. Thus, utilising a suitable proportion of substrates and selecting an appropriate support carrier can stimulate methanogenic activity, which can boost methane production, a promising renewable energy source, and produce higher-quality effluent.

Study of two approaches for the process water management from hydrothermal carbonization of swine manure: Anaerobic treatment and nutrient recovery

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising alternative to transform biomass waste into a solid carbonaceous material (hydrochar) and a process water with potential for material and energy recovery. In this study, two alternatives for process water treatment by conventional and acid-assisted HTC of swine manure are discussed. Process water from conventional HTC at 180 °C showed high biodegradability (55% COD removal) and methane production (∼290 mL STP CH4 g−1 CODadded) and the treatment in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor allowed obtaining a high methane production yield (1.3 L CH4 L−1 d−1) and COD removal (∼70%). The analysis of the microbiota showed a high concentration of Synergistota and Firmicutes phyla, with high degradation of organic nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Acid-assisted HTC proved to be a viable option for nutrient recovery (migration of 83% of the P to the process water), which allowed obtaining a solid salt by chemical precipitation with Mg(OH)2 (NPK of 4/4/0.4) and MgCl2 (NPK 8/17/0.5), with a negligible content of heavy metals. The characteristics of the precipitated solid complied with the requirements of European Regulation (2019)/1009 for fertilizers and amendments in agricultural soils, being a suitable alternative for the recycling of nutrients from wastes.

Differential biotransformation of micropollutants in conventional activated sludge and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket processes

We report differential micropollutant biotransformations in a conventional activated sludge (CAS) process and a pilot-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process operating in parallel at the same wastewater treatment plant.

Sustainable reduction of sulfate contained in gypsum waste: perspectives and applications for agroforestry waste and sanitary sewage

This review article explores sustainable biotechnological strategies for converting sulfate compounds and lignocellulosic waste, focusing on using sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and the valorization of agroforestry residues and sanitary sewage. SRB show potential in effluent treatment, mine drainage, and the removal of sulfate and heavy metals from wastewater, with their metabolic activity being influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and chemical oxygen demand/sulfate (COD/SO4=) ratio. In the context of a sustainable bioeconomy, the challenge of converting lignocellulosic waste into value-added products is addressed through physical pretreatment techniques such as milling, extrusion, microwave irradiation, and ultrasound, which are efficient in valorizing waste from urban tree pruning. The article highlights the importance of bioreactors in transforming raw materials into desirable biochemical products, discussing different types of bioreactors, such as batch, continuous stirred tank, airlift, fluidized bed, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), and bubble column, and their specific advantages and disadvantages. Sustainable sulfate reduction is the central focus, integrating the application of SRB and the conversion of lignocellulosic waste in a way that complements the objectives of the work and promotes a more cohesive flow in the summary. Thus, the interrelationship between effluent treatment strategies and waste valorization is emphasized from an environmental sustainability perspective, highlighting the relevance of this study in the broader context of a sustainable bioeconomy.